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Dec. 4 1923.

V R. RUDENBERG ALTERNATING CURRENT LINE Filed Dec. 2 1920 Patented Dec. 4,

U NITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

BEINHQLDR'UDEHBERG, or BERLIN-GRUNEWALD, GERMANY, ASSIGNOB -'ro sns'mnns- SCHUOKERTWERKE GESELLSCEAET MIT.BESCH-RA'NKTERH1AETUNG, or SIEMENS- STADT, mm BERLIN, .GERM-Amz, a'GEnmeocaPoRAmIoN.

.AL TEBN-ATING-QIIRRENT LINE.

Application filed -Deoeniber 2 1920. Serial No. 427,929.

To all whom it may cmwern:

Be it known that LJRnINHoLo mane, a citizen of the German Empire, residing at Berlin-Grunewald, Germany, have invented certain new'and usefnl lmprove ments in Alternating-Current Lines (for which I have filed applications in'Germany, Nov. 26,1918; Dec. 20,1918; Jun-e13, 191-9; July 14, 1919; July '22, 1919; England. Jan. 30, 1920; June 18, 1920'; France, '1 eb. .11, 1920, Patent No. 509,795; Sweden, Jan. 7, 1920; Norway, Feb. 17, I920; Switzerland, Feb. 18, 1920 Austria, Jan. 13, 1920 of which the following is a specification.

Long distance alternating current lines. irrespectively as to whether in the form of overhead lines or cables, have the disadvantage that. owing "to the 'capacityoi the lines relatively to each otber, aswell' as toward th earth, powerful ch'ar :n'g j currents arise which increase with the 'of'the line. and which eventually, the 'case of Ion 'l-ines, assume the mr5gn'r tuile 0'f the wor ing currents, .or'evenbecome'largerthan these. Such charging el'lrrents which-must neraltors arranged be supplied bycurrentge either at.the beginnin'g or at end of the line, entaillconsidera, lelos se's ores which. very 'Inuch ixnpair the -eiiicien ey e entire line. 1"

It is already known'ftha't charging 'currents may, be compensated by arranging choking coils along the various sections of the line. these coils being suitablyconmected between the variably phased line's. Each of these coils will at its point compensate the charging currents arising, in its vicinity, so that they are prevented from flowingacross long sections to the end of the line. On the other hand hOWe er, choking coils of this kind increase to a very considerable de gree thetendencytowards resonance as soon as there happen to exist within the len hs of these line sections one or a plurality .0 wave lengths four times the section lengths. In such an event, the lines incline to resonance conj ointly with the alternating current voltage impressed, so that a, large local increase of voltage results.

The natural len th of an electromagnetic wave in no-load lines with an alternating current. of periods per second amounts to about 6000 kilometers in the case of overhead lines, and about 4000 kilometersin that of cables. The shortest dangerous lengths "henceam'ount to about 1500 kilometers in the 'case of no-load overhead lines, and to "about 1000 kilometers in case of no-load cables. By the interposition of choking coils, the rapidity of diffusion of the alternating currents is reduced. and hence the length of the wave, and -'theda'nmero'us length of line is likewise shortened. 'lhus, by the interposition of choking coils, there are in deed dangerous lengths of line created which are well within ranges such as occur in practical installations, and in which aflashover is thus likely to occur.

Of course it would be possible to so choose the lengths of the natural waves that they will differ from a fourfold length of the line or an integral portion thereof. However, in that case the se'lecti'o'n made can only -be effective for certain definite working con ditions; it will be inapplicable the moment the network of mains is changed by switching on or all individual li'ne sections.

The presentinvention purposes to prevent these occurrences by {providing the choking coils, serving to reduce the capacitative charging currents in alternating current 'systerns, and disposed inparal-lel to the lines. with an iron core. This core is dimensioned so that, in the case ol'n'orm'sl voltage, it is highly saturated, whereby the chokin coil obtains a characteristic Io-f saturation to be explained hereinafter, up to the present lines, the induction of which is artificially increased b the interposition of choking coils, were a ways arranged so as to maintain a proportionate relation between current and voltage, alone for the purpose of being able to theoretically control the conditions created.

Various arrangements in accordance with the subject matter of "this (invention are shown diagrammatically by way of example in the drawings accompanying this specification and forming pa'rtthereof.

In these drawings:

Fig. 1 diagrammatically illustrates the invention applied to a single phase alternating current distributing system.

2 represents a saturation curve.

Fig. 3 represents voltage and current curves.

Fig. 4 diagrammatically illustrates the invention applied to a three phase alternating current system. f

Fig. 5 illustrates a particular form ma" et core:-"' 1 l I T 6,? and '8 illustrate modified .arrangements of choking-coils employed in three hase systems.

In ig. 1, g.-ind1cates an a ternatmg current generator,"l the network, m the point of current consumption. At various points of. the,.netwo rk there are-arranged choking coils awnings each providedwith an iron coi-c highly' satura d rat normal. voltage to an eitent at which the relation. between the volta e and he current exists .as is.i1 1usthe line which againmaylihappentoje equal to foul-times, or,.perhaps only one-half the length of th line Th it will be found so crease, and Qthe, current will rise accordinglysi, However, an the meanwhile the -hq finglvzs il kias csb P -s 9 ,larger eurrentsrthan will actually correspond ,the.. inqrease,i 1 1 .v o l e,.a s wil1 be r e n mfige 1 ttl m ss-sew of v the. choking coil ..drop, -,.,'Ilu. i1at1 iral w een nf; h ne is F ter d a t r s nanc :di q be .Z e a y. s .rs siw-lzl sela in r a c h q t s u s-... e .rendered taltogethei rimpossible. X

zsi egi w w ssi h k s ils i :their. atu teddroncores produce-even in theucasoof greatuyariatio ns, of current only slight variations of voltagega change inthe goltage10fjthfifi will be forcibly Jkept within small limits throughout the entirecxtcnt of the network of the mains, and cannot vary beyond. a certainpredetor mined degree.

It "follows ;that; by means of the arrangcment in accordance with this invention. alternating. currents of any conventional uencymay be transmitted across lines of any length whatsoever without causing, on the one hand, great losses of energy owing to the charging current and,' on the other hand, an inadmissible increase of voltage owin .to resonance. l1: certain cases, the chokmgeoils may also be interconnected in the line. v v

In order to obtain a characteristic, such as is shown in Fig; 2, there is required in the case of a sinusoidal voltage (e, Fig.3). a sinusoidal wattless current such as is likethat the 'volttfi'eott e line ,willhcavilyinwise shown at 1' in dependency upon th time t in Fig. 3. A sharp curved wrath-s5 current of this description will-contain boside the first harmonic 2', higher harmonics,

in particularthe third, apt to lead to interruptions of service owing to phenomena due to charging or owing to resonance with ca acities present within the network.

owever,- there is the possibility in connection with .three phase current s :stcn'1s and "this' constitutes the principle subject matter of my present inventionof sup- .pressing the third and hi her harmonics of th1ci1r1jent, or, of the vdlta e, or of both.

, which.might.be set up in he network l) u the choking. coils either magndtically or electrically. This modification shown in Fig. 4, in which the current of s ,Jihe tlnrd harmomc is suppressed by interposingbetween thethree phases 1, P, I. of {a' three-phase alternating current network {-cholnng coils 0! arranged in star connect-ion.

' 'Th'ef's'ardcoilsmay be arranged on separate .co or elsealsouponacommon iron frame. In it will be found expedient tgproyldethe frame in theman icr known 'with h'foiirth care not wound, to enable the "field oi-the'third harmonic to develop, and therebysuptgressing the said harmonic in the voltage; 10f, e system. Fig. 5 illustrates an arim i'geir entof this kind, is, k, k repre- ':senti ng t 'e -wound cores of the three choking the fourth core not wound. .The of the choking coils of the pblyphase'system may also be effected in a different manner. If, for example, the fcliokifn coils be arranged in a delta conncc ti on;w 'ther on a common iron frame or l. upon. separate cores,. onejor each coil, the curr ents' of ther.thirdjharinonic will flow the enclosed polyphase system; they su pressedfor the network. In ,theja'se'foflot erthan three-phase systems Suitableconnections may readily be arranged. In alilre manner, other methods of interlinking the choking coils may be resorted to, and .whiclrwill alwaysbe applicable for the purpose held in view provided they are but nhlc to'suppress the third and higher harmonics of the network.

In the form of execution he'rcinlmforc described with reference to Fig. 5, the clue!- ing' coils are disposed on a common iron frame, rovided with a fourth core having no win ing for the purpose of enabling the field ofthe third harmonic to develop itself. andthns' to secure the suppression of said harmonic relatively to the voltage of the system. An arrangement of this kind is apt; to require transformers of an abnormal size. In order to enable the use of transformers of averasize (without the danger of producing e dy current stray fields) to secure satisfactory sinusoidal currents or voltages in the choking coils of the thrcephasc sit"?- Jimen nating current, there may :be employed ;in

accordance with this invention, ayeuage size three-shank iron frames, provided thatand this forms another object of any invention-s-there be arranged on the same shanks a secondary .winding in delta con nection, beside the primary winding disposed in star connection and connected -to.'the phase of the network,

An arrangement of this kind is illustrated in Fig. 6, in which 1,, Z 1 indicate the network of the mains .to which the primary windings al disposed in star connection and appertaining to the choking coil t, are .connected. On the cores 2 ,10 is, of the choking coil are disposed in delta connection windings f f. f, acting .as secondary windin".

in this secondary winding, ,which is suitably constructed so that i-t'possesies but a relatively small cross sectionof copper, there are produced currents having a threefold cycle, which supplement the sinusoidal wattless currents of the main winding to form a total wattless current .of such character that the magnetic flux of all three shanks of the iron frame is enabled, despite a high degree of saturation, .to develop in an approximately sinusoidal form. A return transmission .by aid of the fourth shank, such as is shown in Fig. 4, is no longer required in this case. Y

A further substantial advantage characteristic of this arrangement consists in the possibility which it I IOW BLEQIdS of grounding the zero point, -.Wii)l10l1l3 the dangerof-causing the development of ipowercfiul third harmonic currents, in consequence of the action ofsthe distorted phase wolta s between the neutral point and the netwo'r .capacitiesLshown in the drawing. The. reason: is thatuthe choking coil in accordance with this invention carries, when fedby three-phase alternating current both at its terminals, as also in each of its phase windings,practically sinusoidal voltages and currents. By grounding the neutral point,as is now rendered possible,

Static charges of the line are enabled to'fiow olf according to requirement the self-induction may be interposed in the earth connection, or else there may be disposed in the earth connection, .oreven in any other way in combination with the transformer, the wellknown earth connection coils, or other devices for suppressing arcs caused by earthing and occurring in the event of line defects.

This form of arrangement, according to which by means of the secondary winding disposed in delta connection currents and voltages of a three-fioldfrequency are. sup pressed which might arise in consequence of the magnetic saturation of iron in the choking coil, may be further developed so as to render it possible to suppress by its means also cunt-ants and voltages of the higher harmnn, s w c a e l ke ise crea ed o a centafin extent by the saturation of iron. To .thiscnd there are connected to the circuit of the secondary windin disposed in delta connection, capacitative efiin ents which Bile suitably connected to the said winding to ;form resonance circuits for higher har- ;n o nics. If, gEor instance, the fifth and seven h har a t be suppr sed, it wi prove expedient to tune the capacitative elements, connected to the circuit of the \winding disposed in delta connection, with the act ve inductance of said winding to about a six-fold frequency of the current of the network. In the winding disposed in delta connection there will then be caused to flow, besides the internal third harmonic periodic currents, also powerful currents of a-fiye to seven-fold frequency which, owing to-.the resonance, will develop in the presence of slight electromotive forces, and which will therefore produce a substantially sinusoidal magnetic flux in each shank, and hence also correspondingly sinusoidal currents in the primary winding of the saturated choking coil.

In such an arrangement there prevails both a sinusoidal voltage, a s also asinusoidal current at the terminals of the choking coil, and the ampere windings of high frequenc required by thecharacteristic curve of the --i.-ron core are-almost entirely supplied by the secondary winding disposed in delta connection.

A 'form of connection intended to realize this feature of my invention is shown in Fig. 7, in which l l, l indicate the network of the mains, .to which are connected the primary windingsd, d, .03 of the choking coil,

which are disposed in-star connection. The secondary .zwindings-f, f f -are arranged in delta connections-.: Disposed at the terminals of the last-mentioned winding are the condensers'lc k, k which are tuned to resonance with the inductance of the secondary winding.

It will not always be found necessary to load said secondary winding with an outer capacity, but a rather similar effect may be obtained by arranging a suitable connection such that the individual parts constitute large internal capacities relatively to each other. 5 This capacity may be of-a magnitude suflicient to orm, 'conjointly with the in-- dnctance of the winding disposed in delta connection themesonance circuit for the sixth, or otherwise desired higher harmonic. As heneinbetore set forth, the choking coils, the iron core of which in case of-= normal voltage isisaturated beyond the bend .ofits characteristic curvewill absorb disproportionately'larger currents than actually-corresponds to the increase. of voltage, V

so that as Fig. 2 shows, the inductance of the choking coil will drop. In order to obtain even for very slight fluctuation of voltage the greatest possible fluctuation of the wattless current, a closed iron core having no air gap is very useful, while the ceed 30 per cent, To this end the induction of the sheet iron plate in the case of normal voltage is selected at 15500 Gauss If, for" an average transformer-plate, the inductionlimit were to be fixed at a lower figure,="say' for a change of the wattless current from 9 to A lV/cm, then within the extent of this induction there would be caused to'arisc a change of induction, andtherewithof voltage, of about 60 percent'relatively to the lower voltage,a' fluctuation of voltage of undesirable magnitude.-

higher, say at 18000 Griusarofsomewhere between 18300 and 22000 Gauss, then the change of voltage will only amount to about- 30 per cent. a

In this case the choking coil, the iron core of which at normal voltage is saturated beyond the bend of-its oharacteristic curve, may now be further employed to 'remove'the following diiiiculties. In alternating currentarrangementsfor strong current service there frequently arise extreme capacitative' loads, for example, when extensive cabler lines are connected thereto, or even big overheadi lines,ywheii the chargingcurrents produced by the czb pacity Wlll react on thegen'erators.z.:Novw,-as in the case of normal loads the current will generally lag behind the voltage, so thatthe displacement oil-phases will likewise be a lagging one, the wattless-current being supplied by the generator compensating the leading charging current.-"=:In= the case of weal; loads. on the other hand. and: above all in the event of no loadsthe displacement of phases leads considerablyq so that under certain circumstances a 'ca'pa-citative' charging current is apt to arise; This latter will then act as an additional magnetizing means for the generator; it will reinforce its field,

and hence its terminal:.voltage." Under certain conditions, in particularwhen owing to some fault of service'the generator happens to be overloaded with charging current, the no load voltage will prove'a multiple of that prevailing at normal load."

If, however, the aforementioned choking coil, the iron core of which at normal voltage is saturated beyond the bend of its characteristic curve is connected in circuit,

Again, if the lower limit of the induction be fixed at 115500 (lanes, an admissible fluctuationof voltage of about 30 per cent will heobtaind. If; on- The other hand, the rate of induction be fixed preferably, and close to the terminals of the generator, then these disadvantages are avoided.

A suitable arrangement to effect this is disclosed in =1? ig. 8, in which a indicates the generator with a device I for exciting the continuous current, Whilec is" the network of the three-phase current. A choking coil (I having a highly saturated iron core is connected to the terminal of the generator. --If thevolta e is to increase for a consider-- able degree, t e saturated choking coil will absorb a-rapidly increasing, lagging wattless current,- and will thereupon -:compensate a 'considerable portion of the leading char ing current. The increase of voltage at no oad is thus restricted to a minimum. The degree of saturation to prevail in the choking'coil ie-made dependent upon the values which the inoreaseof voltage still represents at no iloachzsothatgfor-instance, it will be readily possible 'thatf'the entire i fluctuations of woltage between no load and full load, which iwithout the use or" the choking coil in accordance with this inventionmight amountitoaseverahhundred per cent, will not essentially" exceed a value of 2530: per cent. As shown in -Fig. .8, .-the choking coil is suitably. disposed in delta, or in any other equivalent connection, s'othat it can not given;

rise to any high harmonic currents and voltages, which might injuriously react upon the --'IlBtW0lk. @Mi 'iP ln; 1: 1 :i lnsithe. eventiofi an energytran'sforiner be- :ing 3 interposed btween" the generator 1 and the networkofiTthelmains-fori the purpose of altering th'e voltage, then said-transformer --may belemployed tOwflCU'fi-S'fi. choking coil :having a highly saturated-iron core by so di hinensioiiingv itsl sizethat its "own iron-core wv'illbe ihighly-saturatedsi i 'g'f w nniiiclaimc zli l u "i'ilil on 51' i 1:.- nnnialternating :current power-line comprising= in. combination *a plurality of chokhi'ngcoils interlinked with: each" other; one 1 coil; being provided for each phase, of l the .line, a multiple: shankiron frame having said: coils placed on itsshanks, :and having said I shanks saturated at normal voltage beyond? the bend oftheir characteristic -=curve, primaryWvindings: disposed on the 1 shanks of -saidframe and being connected with the different: phases in star connection, and secondary w-indings on-said shanks connected indelta 'connection.

2. -An alternating current power line comprising in' combination a plurality of chokmg coils" interlinked with each other. one coil being provided for each phase of the line; a multiple'shank iron frame having 125 said coils placed on its shanks, and having said shanks saturated abnormal voltage beyond the bend of their: characteristic curve, primary windings disposed on the shanks of said frame and being connected to the different phases in star connection, and secondary windings of relatively low co per cross-section on said shanks, connecte in delta connection.

3. An alternating current power line comprising in combination a plurality of chokmg coils interlinked with each other, one coil being provided for each phase of the line, a multiple shank iron frame having said coils placed on its shanks, and having said shanks saturated at normal voltage beyond the bend of their characteristic curve, primary windings disposed on the shanks of said frame and being connected to the different phases in star connection, and secondary windings on said shanks connected in delta connection, and capacitative elements connected in circuit with said secondary windings.

4. An alternating current power line comprising in combination a plurality of chokmg coils interlinked with each other, one coil being provided for each phase of the line, a multiple shank iron frame having said coils placed on its shanks, and having said shanks saturated at normal voltage beyond the bend of their characteristic curve, primary windings disposed on the shanks of said frame and being connected to the different phases in star connection, and secondary windings on said shanks connected in delta connection, and condensers disposed at the terminals of said secondary windings.

5. An alternating current power line comprising in combination a plurality of choking coils interlinked with each other, one coil being provided for each phase of the line, a multiple shank iron frame having said coils placed on its shanks, and having said shanks saturated at normal voltage beyond the bend of their characteristic curve, primary windings disposed on the shanks of said frame, and belng connected to the difi'erent phases in star co nnection, and secondary windings on said shanks connected in delta connection, the individual parts of said secondary windings having a substantial internal capacity relatively to each other.

6. An alternating current power line comprising in combination a plurality of choking coils interlinked with each other, one coil being provided for each phase of the line, a multiple shank iron frame having said coils placed on its shanks, and having said shanks saturated at normal voltage beyond the bend of their characteristic curve, primary windings disposed on the shanks of said frame and being connected to the different Shases in star connection, and secondary win ings on said shanks connected in delta connectlon, capacitative elements connected to the circuit of said secondary windings to form resonance circuits for so pressing higher harmonics of the current an voltage.

7. An alternating current power line comprising in combination a plurality of choking coils interlinked with each other. one coil being provided for each phase of the line, a multiple shank iron frame having said coils placed on its shanks, and having said shanks saturated at normal voltage beyond the bend of their characteristic curve, primary windings disposed on the shanks of said frame and being connected to the different phases in star connection, and secondary windings on said shanks connected in delta connection, capacitative elements connected to the circuit of said secondary windings, said elements being tuned to the sixth harmonic with the effective inductance of said delta winding in order to suppress the fifth and seventh harmonic.

In testimony whereof I afiix my signature.

REINHOLD RI lDENBERG. 

